# Math functions

Release: 4.6  •  5.0  •  5.1  •  5.2  •  5.3  •  5.4  •  6.0  •  6.1  •  6.2  •  6.3

These functions can be accessed from the Math library from the Definition menu.

Abs(x): Returns the absolute value of «x». When «x» is complex, returns the magnitude, see Complex number functions. See also Abs().

Abs(180) → 180
Abs(-210) → 210

Ceil(x): Returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to «x». See also Ceil().

Ceil(3.1) → 4
Ceil(5) → 5
Ceil(-2.9999) → -2
Ceil(-7) → -7

Ceil(x, digits): Returns the smallest number with the indicated of digits to the right of the decimal that is greater than or equal to «x». See also Ceil().

Ceil(Pi, 4) → 3.1416
Ceil(-12345, -2) → -12300

Ceil(x, ,dateUnit): Rounds a date-time «x» up to the indicated «dateUnit», where «dateUnit» can be 'Y', 'Q', 'M', 'D', 'h', 'm', or 's' (year, quarter, month, day, hour, minute, second).

Ceil(26-July-2017, dateUnit:'Y') → 1-Jan-2018
Ceil(26-July-2017, dateUnit:'M') → 1-Aug-2017
Ceil(26-July-2017, dateUnit:'D') → 26-July-2017

Floor(x): Returns the largest integer that is smaller than or equal to «x». See also Floor().

Floor(2.999) → 2
Floor(3) → 3
Floor(-2.01) → -3
Floor(-5) → -5

Floor(x, digits): Returns the largest number with the indicated number of digits past the decimal that is less than or equal to «x». See also Floor().

Floor(Pi, 4) → 3.1415
Floor(-12345, -2) → -12400

Floor(x, ,dateUnit): Rounds a date-time «x» down to the indicated «dateUnit», where «dateUnit» can be 'Y', 'Q', 'M', 'D', 'h', 'm', or 's' (year, quarter, month, day, hour, minute, second).

Floor(26-July-2017, dateUnit:'Y') → 1-Jan-2017
Floor(26-July-2017, dateUnit:'M') → 1-July-2017
Floor(26-July-2017, dateUnit:'D') → 26-July-2017

Round(x): Returns the value of «x» rounded to the nearest integer. See also Round().

Round(1.8) → 2
Round(-2.8) → -3
Round(1.499) → 1
Round(-2.499) → -2

Round(x, digits): Rounds the value of «x» to the number of decimal digits, indicated by «digits», to the right of the decimal point. See also Round().

Round(Pi, 1) → 3.100
Round(Pi, 3) → 3.142
Round(14243.4, -2) → 14200

Note: The Number Format setting determines how many digits are included when a number is displayed, while Round(x,digits) returns a new rounded number so that the rounded value can be used in subsequent computations.

Exp(x): Returns the exponential of «x», e raised to the power of «x». See also Exp().

Exp(5) → 148.4
Exp(-4) → 0.01832

Ln(x): Returns the natural logarithm of «x», which must be positive unless the system variable EnableComplexNumbers is set. See also Ln().

Ln(150) → 5.011
Ln(Exp(5)) → 5

Logten(x): Returns the logarithm to the base 10 of «x», which must be positive unless the system variable EnableComplexNumbers is set. See also Logten().

Logten(180) → 2.255
Logten(10^30) → 30

Sign(x): Returns -1 when «x» is negative, 1 when «x» is positive, 0 when «x» is zero, and NaN when «x» is NaN. See also Sign().

Sign(-15.2) → -1
Sign(7.3) → 1
Sign(0) → 0
Sign(0/0) → NaN

Sqr(5) → 25
Sqr(-4) → 16

Sqrt(x): Returns the square root of «x». «x» must be positive unless the system variable EnableComplexNumbers is set. See also Sqrt().

Sqrt(25) → 5
Sqrt(-1) → NAN
Sqrt(-1) → 1j { when EnableComplexNumbers is set }

Mod(x, y): Returns the remainder (modulus) of «x»/«y». See also Mod().

Mod(7, 3) → 1
Mod(12, 4) → 0
Mod(-14, 5) → -4

Factorial(x): Returns the factorial of «x», which must be between 0 and 170. See also Factorial().

Factorial(5) → 120
Factorial(0) → 1

If «x» is not an integer, it rounds «x» to the nearest integer before taking the factorial.

Logit(p): The inverse of the Sigmoid function, is defined for 0 < p < 1 and is equal to Ln(p / (1-p)). See alse Logit().

Logit(0.5) →0
Logit(0.25) → -1.099

ProductLog(z): Returns the value for x that solves z = x * Exp(x). It is also known as the Lambert W function. It is real-valued for a real-valued parameter with z ≥ -Exp(-1). It is also defined for all complex numbers. For real-valued z with z<-Exp(-1), a complex result is returned only when EnableComplexNumbers is on, and in which case, the so called first branch or upper branch ($\displaystyle{ W_0(z) }$) is returned. See also ProductLog().

ProductLog(0) → 0
ProductLog(100) → 3.386
 3.386 * Exp(3.386) → 100

Sigmoid(x): The sigmoid function is also called the logistic function, the expit function, or the inverse logit function. It serves as a continuous approximation to the step function (x>=0). It approaches 0 as x approaches -Inf, approaches 1 as x approaches Inf and is 1/2 at x=0. It is equal to 1/(1+Exp(-x)). See also Sigmoid().

Sigmoid(0) → 0.5
Sigmoid(1) → 0.7311

Cos(x), Sin(x), Tan(x): Return the cosine, sine, and tangent of «x», «x» assumed in degrees. See also Cos(x), Sin(x), Tan(x).

Cos(180) → -1
Cos(-210) → -0.866
Sin(30) → 0.5
Sin(-45) → -0.7071
Tan(45) → 1

Arctan(x): Returns the arctangent of «x» in degrees (the inverse of Tan). See also Arctan(x), Arccos(x), Arcsin(x), Arctan2(y, x) and Advanced math functions.

Arctan(0) → 0
Arctan(1) → 45
Arctan(Tan(45)) → 45

Degrees(Pi/2) → 90
Degrees(-Pi) → -180
Degrees(90) → -1.57079633
Degrees(180) → 3.141592654