{ From user Dave, Model Benefit_cost_analysi at 9-Dec-2017 12:33:32 PM, encoding="ascii" } SoftwareVersion 5.1.0 { System Variables with non-default values: } Time := [0] Description Time: Dynamic simulation periods are specified in Time's definition. This is usually a list of numbers or labels, typically in some unit of time (days, weeks, months, etc.). Use the “Dynamic()” function in your variables to perform dynamic simulation. NumberWidth := 7 SampleSize := 1000 DistribSize := 21 SampleType := 1 TypeChecking := 1 Checking := 0 ShowUndef := 0 SaveOptions := 2 SaveValues := 0 DistResol := 50 AllWarnings := 0 {!40300|Sys_DomainSelfIndex := 1} {!40400|Sys_AllNullTreatment := 1} {!50016|PlusOnTextReturnsNaN := 0} NodeInfo FormNode: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,,0,1,,0,0 Attribute Reference AskAttribute Domain,Variable,Yes Model Benefit_cost_analysi Title: Benefit-cost analysis of toxic emissions Description: This model demonstrates a risk/benefit analysis, in this case regarding the benefits of reducing the emissions of a (fictitious) air pollutant "TXC". ~ ~ Among other things it illustrates~ * A user-interface form giving easy access to key assumptions and results, including~ - A list of key assumptions, including probability distributions, and two pulldown menus, "Emissions reduction" and "Statistical value of a life"~ - Results, including comparison of Benefits and costs, Net benefits, and "Importance of uncertainties" showing sensitivity of net benefits to each uncertain input. ~ * Double click on "Model details" to see an influence diagram showing the model structure, ~ - A Decision "Emissions reduction" (0% to 95%)~ - Several uncertain inputs shown as ovals~ - Intermediate variables, such as Reduced concentration and Benefits of lives saved. Author: Max Henrion 2 Oct 1982 updated 10 Oct 2006 Date: Wed, Aug 03, 2005 11:56 AM SaveAuthor: Dave SaveDate: Sat, Dec 9, 2017 12:33 PM DefaultSize: 48,24 DiagState: 2,1,7,348,474,17 WindState: 2,371,9,504,489 DiagramColor: 58982,58982,58982 FontStyle: Arial, 15 FileInfo: 0,Model Benefit_cost_analysi,2,2,0,0,C:\Users\Dave\Desktop\TXC_07.ANA {!40400|Att_clearTypeFonts: 0} Module Model_details Title: Model details Description: Influence diagram showing key elements of the model. Author: Max Henrion Date: Sun, Aug 18, 1991 10:40 PM SaveAuthor: fredb SaveDate: Wed, Sep 10, 1997 2:28 PM DefaultSize: 48,20 NodeLocation: 172,448,1 NodeSize: 60,24 NodeInfo: 1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0 DiagState: 1,370,6,597,425,0 WindState: 2,372,9,561,433 NodeColor: 19661,42599,65535 DiagramColor: 58982,58982,58982 FontStyle: Arial, 15 PageSetup: (00030000004800480000000002D80228FFE1FFE202F902460347052803FC00020000004800480000000002D80228000100000064000000010003030300000001270F000100010000000000000000000000006808001901900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000) Att__CloakDefn: 0 Variable Benefits_of_lives_sa Title: Benefits of lives saved Units: $/year Description: Benefits from lives saved, calculated as the change in mortality rates, the size of population exposed and the statistical "value of a life"/ Definition: (Current_mortality_ra - Reduced_mortality_ra) * Pop_exp * Stat_value_of_life NodeLocation: 392,280,1 NodeSize: 52,24 ValueState: 2,300,303,529,361,1,MEAN NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 ReformVal: [Reduction,Stat_value_of_life] NumberFormat: 1,D,7,2,0,1 Objective Net_benefits Title: Net benefits Units: $/yr Description: Total cost to society, calculated as the difference between the value of the lives saved, and the cost of the Emissions Reduction required to save those lives. Definition: Benefits_of_lives_sa - Control_costs NodeLocation: 528,184,1 NodeSize: 52,24 ValueState: 2,371,10,722,488,1,MEAN Aliases: FormNode Net_benefits1 NodeColor: 65535,19661,38773 GraphSetup: Graphtool:0~ Distresol:20~ Diststeps:1~ Cdfresol:5~ Cdfsteps:1~ Symbolsize:6~ Baroverlap:0~ Linestyle:10~ Frame:1~ Grid:1~ Ticks:1~ Mesh:1~ Scales:1~ Rotation:0~ Tilt:0~ Depth:70~ Frameauto:1~ Showkey:1~ Xminimum:0~ Xmaximum:1~ Yminimum:80M~ Ymaximum:260M~ Zminimum:1~ Zmaximum:1~ Xintervals:0~ Yintervals:0~ Includexzero:0~ Includeyzero:1~ Includezzero:0~ Statsselect:[1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0]~ Probindex:[0.05,0.25,0.5,0.75,0.95]~ FontStyle: Arial, 8 ReformVal: [Reduction,Stat_value_of_life] NumberFormat: 1,D,4,2,0,1 Att__CloakDefn: 0 Decision Reduction Title: Emissions~ Reduction Description: Decision on the percentage reduction of emissions of TXC by installing emissions control technology on the plant. ~ ~ Choose emissions reduction level of interest, or choose "All" to compare effects of different levels. Definition: Choice(Self,0,1) NodeLocation: 64,88,1 NodeSize: 52,36 WindState: 2,102,90,529,486 Aliases: FormNode Emissions_reduction Icon: (00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 21 00 00 00 08 00 00 00 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 E0 00 00 01 20 00 00 01 20 00 00 01 20 00 00 01 20 00 00 02 10 00 00 02 10 00 00 02 10 00 00 02 10 00 00 02 10 00 00 04 08 00 00 04 08 08 00 04 08 1C 0F FC 08 08 10 04 08 1C 20 08 04 2A 7F F8 04 1C 40 08 04 6B 40 08 04 08 40 08 04 FF FF FF FF AA AA AA AA 55 55 55 55 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ) NodeColor: 1,65535,32766 NumberFormat: 1,%,7,0,0,0 Domain: [0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.8,0.9,0.95] {!40300|DomainExpr: Discrete(0%,10%,30%,50%,70%,80%,90%,95%,type:'number')} {!40200|Att_ChoiceIndexes: Keyword Self} Chance Pop_exp Title: Population~ Exposed Units: people Description: The size of the population exposed to TXC. Definition: Triangular( 30M, 3M, «max» ) NodeLocation: 392,184,1 NodeSize: 52,40 ValueState: 2,56,66,529,344,1,PDFP Aliases: FormNode Population_exposed Icon: (00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1C 03 80 70 3E 07 C0 F8 3E 07 C0 F8 3E 07 C0 F8 1C 03 80 70 3E 07 C0 F8 7F 0F E1 FC FF 9F F3 FE FF 9F F3 FE FF 9F F3 FE FF 9F F3 FE FF 9F F3 FE 3E 07 C0 F8 3E 07 C0 F8 36 06 C0 D8 36 06 C0 D8 36 06 C0 D8 36 06 C0 D8 36 06 C0 D8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ) NodeColor: 1,65535,65535 GraphSetup: Graphtool:0~ Distresol:50~ Diststeps:0~ Cdfresol:5~ Cdfsteps:1~ Symbolsize:6~ Baroverlap:0~ Linestyle:10~ Frame:1~ Grid:1~ Ticks:1~ Mesh:1~ Scales:1~ Rotation:45~ Tilt:0~ Depth:70~ Frameauto:1~ Showkey:1~ Xminimum:15M~ Xmaximum:45M~ Yminimum:0~ Ymaximum:140n~ Zminimum:1~ Zmaximum:1~ Xintervals:0~ Yintervals:0~ Includexzero:0~ Includeyzero:0~ Includezzero:0~ Statsselect:[1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0]~ Probindex:[0.05,0.25,0.5,0.75,0.95]~ FontStyle: Arial, 8 Chance H_damage_factor Title: Health Damage Factor Units: d/yr/ug/m^3 Description: The slope of the dose-response function for TXC, expressing the increase in mortality rate per unit increase in atmospheric concentration of TXC, assuming concentration is above the threshold level, in deaths per eyear per microgram per cubic meter. Definition: Lognormal( 0.3u, 1.7 ) NodeLocation: 152,280,1 NodeSize: 52,36 WindState: 2,102,90,474,300 ValueState: 2,3,13,578,319,1,PDFP Aliases: FormNode Health_damage_factor NodeColor: 1,65535,65535 GraphSetup: Graphtool:0~ Distresol:50~ Diststeps:0~ Cdfresol:5~ Cdfsteps:1~ Symbolsize:6~ Baroverlap:0~ Linestyle:1~ Frame:1~ Grid:1~ Ticks:1~ Mesh:1~ Scales:1~ Rotation:45~ Tilt:0~ Depth:70~ Frameauto:1~ Showkey:1~ Xminimum:-200n~ Xmaximum:1.8u~ Yminimum:0~ Ymaximum:3M~ Zminimum:1~ Zmaximum:1~ Xintervals:0~ Yintervals:0~ Includexzero:0~ Includeyzero:0~ Includezzero:0~ Statsselect:[1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0]~ Probindex:[0.05,0.25,0.5,0.75,0.95]~ Variable Reduced_concentratio Title: Reduced concentration Units: ug/m^3 Description: The average atmospheric concentration of TXC assuming reduced emissions, in micrograms per cubic meter. Definition: Base_conc*(1 - Reduction) NodeLocation: 64,184,1 NodeSize: 52,36 Icon: (01 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 20 08 00 00 13 90 00 00 0C 60 00 00 08 20 00 00 10 10 00 00 D0 16 00 00 10 10 00 30 08 20 00 C8 0C 60 01 04 13 90 02 04 20 08 02 02 01 00 F4 02 01 01 08 02 00 02 10 02 00 7C 20 02 03 80 00 02 04 00 00 02 08 00 00 02 08 00 00 04 07 FF FF F8 00 00 00 00 00 92 49 20 00 00 00 00 00 49 24 90 00 00 00 00 00 24 92 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ) NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Variable Current_mortality_ra Title: Current mortality rate Units: /yr Description: Current annual mortality rate from exposure to current level of TXC.~ ~ This is zero if the concentration is less than the threshold,~ otherwise it's the Health Damage Factor time the amount that the Concentration is above the Threshold. Definition: IF Base_conc < Threshhold THEN 0~ ELSE H_damage_factor * (Base_conc - Threshhold) NodeLocation: 216,376,1 NodeSize: 52,36 WindState: 2,238,233,476,224 Icon: (00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0F F0 00 00 3F FC 00 00 FF FF 00 01 FF FF 80 01 FF FF 80 03 99 99 C0 03 C3 C3 C0 07 E7 E7 E0 07 C3 C3 E0 07 99 99 E0 07 FF FF E0 07 FF FF E0 07 FF FF E0 07 F0 0F E0 07 E1 87 E0 03 C9 93 C0 03 F9 9F C0 01 F8 1F 80 01 FC 3F 80 00 FF FF 00 00 3F FC 00 00 0F F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ) NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Chance Threshhold Title: Threshold Units: ug/m^3 Description: The Threshold atmospheric concentration of TXC below which TXC has no effect. Definition: Uniform(0,10) NodeLocation: 272,280,1 NodeSize: 48,36 ValueState: 2,40,50,512,376,1,PDFP Aliases: FormNode Threshold NodeColor: 1,65535,65535 Chance Base_conc Title: Base conc- ~ entration Units: ug/m^3 Description: The current concentration of TXC in micrograms per cubic meter, with current emissions, i.e. with no control to reduce emissions. Definition: Lognormal(10, 1.5) NodeLocation: 64,376,1 NodeSize: 52,40 WindState: 2,375,65,476,224 ValueState: 2,40,50,518,303,1,PDFP Aliases: FormNode Base_concentration Icon: (01 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 20 08 00 00 13 90 00 00 0C 60 00 00 08 20 00 00 10 10 00 00 D0 16 00 00 10 10 00 30 08 20 00 C8 0C 60 01 04 13 90 02 04 20 08 02 02 01 00 F4 02 01 01 08 02 00 02 10 02 00 7C 20 02 03 80 00 02 04 00 00 02 08 00 00 02 08 00 00 04 07 FF FF F8 00 00 00 00 00 92 49 20 00 00 00 00 00 49 24 90 00 00 00 00 00 24 92 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00) NodeColor: 1,65535,65535 Variable Control_costs Title: Control~ Costs Units: $/yr Description: Annualized cost of emissions control technology.~ ~ This is modeled as a exponential function (using the Logten(1-Reduction) function),~ to reflect the fact that as emissions reduction increases, the cost of additional reduction increases. Definition: -Control_Cost_Factor*Logten(1-Reduction)/Logten(2) NodeLocation: 392,88,1 NodeSize: 52,24 WindState: 2,208,223,476,323 ValueState: 2,261,338,416,303,1,MIDM NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Chance Control_Cost_Factor Title: Control Cost Factor Units: $/yr Description: Annualized incremental cost to reduce TXC emissions by a factor of 2.~ ~ This assumes that the cost to reduce emissions is logarithmic, with the same cost for each factor of two reduction in emissions. It is often a good approximation for clean up technologies where the cost increases substantially as emissions get small. Definition: Lognormal( 30M, 1.5 ) NodeLocation: 256,40,1 NodeSize: 52,32 WindState: 2,371,129,476,224 ValueState: 2,680,56,494,326,1,PDFP Aliases: FormNode Cost_facto1512793933 NodeColor: 1,65535,65535 GraphSetup: Att_CatLineStyle Graph_Prob_Valdim:6~ Att_GraphValueRange Graph_Prob_Valdim:1,0,1,1,,,,1m,1m,0 Domain: DomContinuous {!40300|DomainExpr: Continuous()} Att__CloakDefn: 1 Variable Stat_value_of_life Title: Statistical Value of a Life Units: $/d Description: Dollar investment deemed appropriate to avert a statistical death from TXC exposure. Definition: Choice(Self,0,1) NodeLocation: 392,376,1 NodeSize: 56,36 WindState: 2,364,78,550,405 ValueState: 1,72,82,416,303,1,PDFP Aliases: FormNode Statistical_value_o1 Icon: (00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 FF FF 80 01 00 80 80 00 01 C0 00 02 81 C1 40 01 03 E0 70 07 C3 E2 F8 0F E0 00 F8 0D 60 04 F8 0D 00 00 70 1F C0 08 F8 0F E0 01 FC 21 68 13 FE 0D 60 03 FE 4F E4 23 FE 07 C0 07 FE FF FE 7F FF 01 00 0E E0 00 00 0C C0 00 00 0C C0 00 00 0C C0 00 00 0C C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ) NodeColor: 1,65535,65535 NumberFormat: 1,D,7,2,0,1 Domain: [1M,3M,10M] {!40300|DomainExpr: Discrete(1M,3M,10M,type:'number')} {!40200|Att_ChoiceIndexes: Keyword Self} Module Uncert_analy Title: Analysis Description: This module performs uncertainty analysis of TXC, particularly to examine the relative importance of uncertain inputs in terms of their contribution to uncertainty in total cost. Author: henrion Date: Wed, Jul 18, 1990 4:47 PM SaveAuthor: Max's SaveDate: Thu, Aug 23, 1990 10:25 AM DefaultSize: 44,20 NodeLocation: 528,376,1 NodeSize: 52,24 DiagState: 1,788,257,291,224,3 NodeColor: 39321,39325,65535 FontStyle: Arial, 15 Variable Evpi Title: Value of Information Units: $/yr Description: This node demonstrates how to perform "Value of Information" calculations, which can be useful in determining if it's worthwhile to invest in collecting further information on uncertainties.~ ~ Value of Information is defined as the difference in expected cost between the decision that minimizes expected cost with current info and the optimal decision given additional information.~ ~ In this case, the additional information is perfect (100% accurate) information on which Emissions Reductions strategy will actually be the most cost effective.~ ~ (Min(Mean(Cost),Reduction)-Mean(Min(Cost,Reduction))) Definition: (Min(Mean(Net_benefits),Reduction)-Mean(Min(Net_benefits,Reduction))) NodeLocation: 208,192,1 NodeSize: 56,24 NodeInfo: 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,0 ValueState: 2,40,50,416,303,0,MIDM NodeColor: 19661,42599,65535 NodeFont: Geneva, 12 NumberFormat: 1,D,4,2,0,0 Variable Optimal_reduction Title: Optimal reduction Description: The level of emissions reduction that will maximize expected value of net benefits. Definition: Argmax(Mean(Net_benefits), Reduction) NodeLocation: 208,40,1 NodeSize: 52,24 NodeInfo: 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,0 WindState: 2,88,98,629,516 ValueState: 2,370,231,368,263,0,MIDM Aliases: FormNode Emissions_reduction1 NodeColor: 19661,42599,65535 NodeFont: Geneva, 12 NumberFormat: 1,D,4,2,0,0 Variable Importance_of_uncert Title: Importance of uncertainties to net benefits Description: This node demonstrates Analytica's "Importance" function. Note how the relative importance of the variables changes with Emissions Reduction.~ ~ Importance calculates the relative contribution of the uncertainty in each of the uncertain inputs to the uncertainty in the value of "Total Cost".~ The Rankcorrel function computes the rank-order correlation (see the User Guide for more info) of each input to "Total Cost", and then the Abs function computes the absolute values of those results, yielding positive relative importances.~ ~ This node was created by selecting the Total Cost node with the edit tool, and then selecting "Make Importance" from the Object menu. Definition: Abs( RankCorrel( Uncertain_inputs, Net_benefits ) ) NodeLocation: 208,120,1 NodeSize: 56,36 ValueState: 2,370,7,724,491,1,MIDM Aliases: FormNode Importance_of_uncer1 NodeColor: 19661,42599,65535 ReformVal: [Reduction,Uncertain_inputs] Index Uncertain_inputs Att_PrevIndexValue: ['Population Exposed','Health Damage Factor','Threshold','Base Concentration','Control Cost Factor'] Title: Uncertain inputs Description: A table of all the uncertain inputs to the "Total Cost" node.~ This node acts as as the input to "Total Cost Importance", and was created automatically when that node was created. Definition: Table(Self)(~ Pop_exp,H_damage_factor,Threshhold,Base_conc,Control_Cost_Factor) IndexVals: ['Population Exposed','Health Damage Factor','Threshold','Base Concentration','Control Cost Factor'] NodeLocation: 88,120,1 NodeSize: 48,22 Variable Benefits_and_costs Title: Benefits and costs Definition: [Benefits_of_lives_sa, Control_costs, Net_benefits] IndexVals: ['Benefits of lives saved','Control~ Costs','Net benefits'] NodeLocation: 88,40,1 NodeSize: 48,22 ValueState: 2,374,8,719,489,1,MEAN Aliases: FormNode Benefits_and_costs1 ReformVal: [Reduction,Self] NumberFormat: 1,D,5,2,0,1 Close Uncert_analy Variable Reduced_mortality_ra Title: Reduced mortality rate Units: /year Description: Current annual mortality rate from exposure to reduced level of TXC.~ ~ This is zero if the reduced concentration is less than the threshold,~ otherwise it's the Health Damage Factor time the amount that the Reduced concentration is above the Threshold. Definition: IF Reduced_concentratio < Threshhold THEN 0~ ELSE H_damage_factor * (Reduced_concentratio - Threshhold) NodeLocation: 216,184,1 NodeSize: 52,36 WindState: 2,77,312,476,224 ValueState: 2,216,226,416,303,1,MEAN Icon: (00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0F F0 00 00 3F FC 00 00 FF FF 00 01 FF FF 80 01 FF FF 80 03 99 99 C0 03 C3 C3 C0 07 E7 E7 E0 07 C3 C3 E0 07 99 99 E0 07 FF FF E0 07 FF FF E0 07 FF FF E0 07 F0 0F E0 07 E1 87 E0 03 C9 93 C0 03 F9 9F C0 01 F8 1F 80 01 FC 3F 80 00 FF FF 00 00 3F FC 00 00 0F F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00) Close Model_details FormNode Emissions_reduction Title: Emissions~ Reduction Definition: 0 NodeLocation: 180,208,1 NodeSize: 164,16 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,72,0, NodeColor: 1,65535,32766 Original: Reduction FormNode Population_exposed Title: Population~ Exposed Definition: 0 NodeLocation: 180,168,1 NodeSize: 164,16 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,78,0, NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Original: Pop_exp FormNode Threshold Title: Threshold Definition: 0 NodeLocation: 180,78,1 NodeSize: 164,10 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,78,0, NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Original: Threshhold FormNode Base_concentration Title: Base~ Concentration Definition: 0 NodeLocation: 180,52,1 NodeSize: 164,12 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,78,0, NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Original: Base_conc FormNode Cost_facto1512793933 Title: Control Cost~ Factor Definition: 0 NodeLocation: 180,140,1 NodeSize: 164,12 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,72,0,,,,,0 NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Original: Control_Cost_Factor FormNode Statistical_value_o1 Title: Statistical Value of a Life Definition: 0 NodeLocation: 180,236,1 NodeSize: 164,12 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,72,0, NodeColor: 1,49155,65535 Original: Stat_value_of_life Text Te1 Description: Input assumptions NodeLocation: 176,132,-1 NodeSize: 168,124 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,1,1,1,,0, NodeFont: Arial Black, 15 Text Te2 Description: Results NodeLocation: 176,340,-1 NodeSize: 168,76 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,1,1,1,,0, NodeFont: Arial Black, 16 FormNode Net_benefits1 Title: Net benefits Definition: 1 NodeLocation: 180,333,1 NodeSize: 164,13 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,72,0, NodeColor: 65535,19661,38773 Original: Net_benefits FormNode Benefits_and_costs1 Title: Benefits and costs Definition: 1 NodeLocation: 180,304,1 NodeSize: 164,16 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,72,0, Original: Benefits_and_costs FormNode Emissions_reduction1 Title: Emissions reduction to max exp value Definition: 1 NodeLocation: 180,392,1 NodeSize: 164,16 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,72,0, NodeColor: 19661,42599,65535 NodeFont: Geneva, 12 Original: Optimal_reduction FormNode Importance_of_uncer1 Title: Importance of uncertainies to net benefits Definition: 1 NodeLocation: 180,363,1 NodeSize: 164,12 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,72,0, NodeColor: 19661,42599,65535 Original: Importance_of_uncert FormNode Health_damage_factor Title: Health Damage Factor Definition: 0 NodeLocation: 180,105,1 NodeSize: 164,14 NodeInfo: 1,0,0,1,0,0,0,78,0, NodeColor: 1,65535,65535 Original: H_damage_factor Close Benefit_cost_analysi